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Clinical Center News, Building 10, Room 1C255, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. (301) 496-2563. Fax: 402-2984. Published monthly for CC employees by the Office of Clinical Center Communications, Colleen Henrichsen, chief. News, articles ideas, calendar events, letters, and photographs are welcome. Deadline for submission is the second Monday of each month. |
"Our employees are our greatest resource," says Dr. David Henderson, CC hospital epidemiologist and deputy director for clinical care. "We are committed to preventing exposures to blood-borne pathogens and to thorough management of these occupational injuries."
Accidental exposures are now treated with a combination of anti-retroviral drugs that researchers say is literally hundreds of times more effective against HIV than is zidovudine alone, the traditional therapy, Dr. Henderson explains. "Researchers hope that the combination of drugs will be equally as potent when used for post-exposure treatment." The CC's protocol for occupational exposures is called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).
The new drug combination includes a drug commonly known as AZT, zidovudine, (ZDV, a nucleoside analog); lamivudine, (3TC, also a nucleoside analog); and the newest of approved anti-retrovirals, indinavir, (IND, a protease inhibitor).
"Nucleoside analogs work by preventing HIV from making copies of itself," Dr. Henderson explains. "ZDV and 3TC given together have been shown to substantially lower the number of circulating HIV particles. Together they may reduce the chance of ZDV-resistant virus developing, which is a danger in single-drug therapies. Indinavir prevents virus particles from becoming mature and infectious. It appears to be among the most potent anti-HIV agents discovered so far."
The new protocol follows on the heels of CDC recommendations issued in June. "The CDC recommendation for routine, post-exposure drug therapy for health-care workers accidentally exposed to HIV was in response to CDC's review last fall of scientific evidence that suggested the post-exposure treatment is effective."
CDC investigators presented findings of an important study, a retrospective case-control study matching 31 health-care workers known to have acquired HIV infection through occupational exposure with 697 uninfected control health-care workers. The study identified five risk factors for developing occupational infection:
Although the number of reported occupational HIV exposures in health-care workers at the Clinical Center has decreased over the past eight years, each injury is of concern. According to Dr. James Schmitt, medical director of the Occupational Medical Service (OMS), NIH Division of Safety, 283 employee injuries involving retroviruses, including HIV, were significant needle-stick or cutting injuries; 85 were HIV-1 exposures.
The risk of becoming infected with HIV from an occupational injury involving HIV-infected blood or body fluids is low, Dr. Schmitt points out. "Data show only about three infections for every 1,000 needle-stick exposures to blood from someone known to be infected with HIV. Even so, the risk for occupational HIV infection remains a concern of health-care workers."
Primary prevention-using safe work practices on the job-is the best protection against HIV exposures, says Dr. Schmitt. "Should an injury occur with potentially HIV-infected material, immediately perform first aid and notify your supervisor. Immediately report occupational exposures to OMS so evaluation and treatment options are not delayed. Evidence suggests that treatment should be started as soon as possible."
For treatment related to occupational injuries, call OMS at 496-4411. For
details on the PEP protocol, call Lucienne Nelson in the hospital epidemiology
service, 496-2209.
(by Lucienne Nelson, infection control specialist, Hospital Epidemiology Service)
Dr. David Henderson, CC epidemiologist and deputy director for clinical care, and Dr. Jim Schmitt, medical director of the Occupational Medical Service (OMS), NIH Division of Safety, have taken the lead here for nearly 10 years in providing post-exposure treatment to reduce the risk for infection with HIV once an occupational exposure has occurred.
In 1988, the CC Medical Board, acting on the advice of Dr. Henderson and Dr. Schmitt and the counsel of HIV experts from NCI and NIAID, elected to offer the drug zidovudine (ZDV), commonly known as AZT, as post-exposure treatment to CC health-care workers.
As this program gained momentum, Dr. Henderson teamed up with Dr. Julie Gerberding, hospital epidemiologist at San Francisco General Hospital, to develop a multi-center, open-label safety trial administering ZDV, a nucleoside analog shown to be effective in treating patients infected with HIV, to health-care workers after exposure to the virus.
San Francisco General independently had begun offering ZDV to exposed health-care workers at about the same time as the CC, Dr. Henderson noted.
In 1991, a combination drug therapy was shown to be more effective, and a second drug, didanosine (DDI), was added to the regime here. "There was also evidence that some patients treated long-term with ZDV developed a resistance to it," Dr. Henderson added.
NIAID and NICHD collaborated on a multi-center study in 1994, which demonstrated that ZDV reduced transmission of virus from HIV-infected pregnant women to their babies by about two-thirds.
"Although the mechanisms of mother-to-baby transmission are different from those of occupational transmission," Dr. Henderson says, "the study provided encouraging evidence that ZDV works to reduce the risks for transmission in at least one setting."
'The latest refinement in the CC's post-exposure treatment reflects the
most recent recommendations from the CDC and PHS.
The Hopkins-Suburban alliance is designed to foster exploration of new, cooperative health-care ventures, including satellite outpatient clinics in the Washington area.
"This venture opens up new training, clinical research, and patient-care opportunities for CC and Hopkins physicians while strengthening the clinical services available at Suburban Hospital," said Dr. John I. Gallin, CC director, in announcing the Clinical Center's participation in the affiliation agreement.
Under the agreement, CC clinicians will be able to practice at both Suburban and Hopkins. CC clinical associates and fellows can do rotations with preceptors at Hopkins and Suburban, and Hopkins residents will come here.
"This will allow Clinical Center patients valuable access to areas of practice not currently available at the Clinical Center-areas such as obstetrics and gynecology, orthopedic surgery and gastroenterology."
The collaboration will also allow he CC to expand research, referral, and consulting relationships with physicians at Hopkins and Suburban, Dr. Gallin added. "It is one example of several partnerships that the Clinical Center is establishing as part of its outreach to the community. Rotation options for clinical associates and Hopkins medical school residents will enrich their educational experiences.
"This collaboration will increase our access to patients who may benefit from participating in clinical research trials here at the Clinical Center. It also gives us a chance to help students and community physicians learn more about the clinical research process and how to participate in it."
Johns Hopkins Medicine includes the School of Medicine and Hopkins' two
hospitals. Suburban, in business for 50 years, is a 392-bed hospital across
Old Georgetown Road from NIH. It's the county's designated shock-trauma
center.
A new Clinical Center Nursing Department study assessing the incidence of herbal medicine use among some CC patients aims to illustrate what herbal products are taken by CC patients, what percentage of patients use them, and why.
The World Health Organization estimates that use of herbal medicines, also called dietary supplements, is three to four times more common worldwide than conventional biomedicine. These herb–based capsules, liquids, and teas–products like ginseng, spirulina, camomile, milk thistle, ma huang, and wheat grass–share drugstore shelf space with proven remedies like vitamin C, calcium tablets, and antihistamines.
A New England Journal of Medicine study estimates one in three Americans used some form of alternative medicine in 1990 to relieve chronic health problems-and paid almost $14 billion for it.
Eunice Johnson, a CC nurse on the 9th floor clinic and primary investigator of the study, surveyed 500 NIDDK, NICHD, and NIAMS outpatients being treated for chronic hepatitis and hepatic, rheumatic, endocrine, or metabolic conditions.
"Chronically ill patients are vulnerable for herb use because their medical needs are not being met. They have conditions for which there is no cure," Johnson explains.
"We, as nurses, must consider a patient's cultural and emotional needs and we need to create a research environment that is culturally sensitive to these needs."
Subjects in Johnson's study completed an herbal assessment survey, which gathered patient information such as their age, occupation, education, and a description and cost of any herbal therapy they had used.
Johnson and her research team hope to create a database of potential effects of herbal medicines and ultimately to seek answers to these questions:
Although all subjects enrolled in CC research protocols may voluntarily disclose their herbal medicine use, the incidence and specific types of herbs used are not known and have not been systematically assessed.
Safety is a concern with alternative therapies despite the popular misconception that a "natural" therapy is without side effects. Herbal medicine in the clinical research setting is of particular concern because these products may affect interpretation of research results or pose safety concerns. Some herbs may interact with prescribed medications, procedures, or laboratory tests, and may interfere with the study results or place the patient at risk for adverse effects.
"Concerns related to the toxicity of herbs–and their potential to
confound research results-warrant investigation of herb use in CC patients,"
Johnson explains. "The use of herbal therapies may or may not affect
health, may or may not affect the studies done here in the Clinical Center,
but herbal use is a component of treatment, which needs to be assesssed
and monitored."
(by Laura Bradbard)
All proceeds from the enterprise benefit the Friends of the Clinical Center, a program that helps CC patients and families with emergency financial needs while they're patients here. The shop is administered by the NIH R&W.
Hours, which are expected to expand, initially will be weekdays, 10 a.m.-3
p.m.
That means that the 2nd floor cafeteria will close for the duration.
"The Nutrition Department's ceiling is old and defective," says Ray Bowen, CC Building Services assistant chief. "It will be replaced with a fiberglass composite that will be easier to clean and maintain."
Alberta Bourn, Nutrition Department chief, says, "This is a behind-the-scenes operation that will have little-if any-impact on patients."
Cafeteria manager Ray Palmer says that although the 2nd floor cafeteria
will be closed, the B1 facility will have extra workers on duty in the kitchen
and on the cash registers.
Jim Minor dies a lot. As a Civil War re-enactor, he assumes the role of a Confederate Army private, a front-line combatant who all too often is killed or taken prisoner. The final outcome is always the same.
Several times a year, thousands of modern Americans dress in authentic period clothing and march off to war. A few fight in the name of their ancestors. Many more do what Minor did. He created a character to portray on the battlefield. The CC pharmacist researched the Civil War history of his own hometown and assumed the role of Charlie Gibson, the 17-year-old son of a haberdasher from Reidsville, N.C.
"When you talk to observers after the re-enactment, you stay in character, you keep your mind in the 1860s," Minor says. "Children may ask what I watch on television. The answer is, 'What is television?' I love to watch the surprise on their faces when I say that."
Getting ready to take part in a re-enactment isn't easy. The uniform, an authentic reproduction, is handmade of wool and lined in heavy cotton. The 9-lb., .58 caliber Enfield musket, crafted in England, is identical to the weapons used by the Confederate Army. Minor's glasses are actual Civil War period frames carefully fitted with his present-day prescription. A tin cup, leather belt, canvas haversack, bayonet scabbard, and rough leather brogans complete the ensemble. Altogether, the uniform, weapons, and accessories cost each participant over one thousand dollars.
"We are not a bunch of people who get together to hoot 'n' shoot," he explains. "Participants are well-educated students of Civil War history. They aren't involved in order for the South to rise again. There are no sides, really. Most men and women participate to share the history of this important time in our nation's past with interested adults and especially with children."
Re-enactment activities are well organized. Participants must attend the "School for Soldiers," an annual, two-day formal field training seminar, at their own expense. Both sides study Hardee's Manual for Infantry Tactics, first published in 1860-mistakes and inaccuracies are not allowed. Even the food they eat is chosen for the time period-dried bread, peanuts, and fruit-items Charlie Gibson would have eaten.
Recordkeeping during the Civil War was amazingly accurate, Minor notes. Re-enactments unfold almost exactly the way the real engagements took place, usually occurring on the weekend closest to the actual battle date. Senior officers from both sides meet the night before to plan the outcome. Minor will be told if he lives or dies. He will know at which point in the hour-long confrontation Charlie Gibson will fall or be taken prisoner.
"It's an emotional experience to go through. You are always aware that this really happened with dire consequences," Minor adds.
During the first 30 minutes of most Civil War battles the casualty rate averaged about 40 percent. It was the last war fought using Napoleonic tactics. Soldiers advanced shoulder-to-shoulder for massed fire power. The weapons of the time-cannons, muskets, and bayonets-created brutal injuries. Foot soldiers often fought man against mounted-horse cavalry and in many instances, the horse won.
The painstaking accuracy of the re-enactors paid off in 1992 when Ted Turner, Turner Broadcasting media mogul, began production of his movie, "Gettysburg." Turner put thousands of Civil War enthusiasts in his movie and at times the re-enactors corrected inaccuracies in the scripted battle. Minor and his 49th Virginia Infantry are veterans of that movie re-enactment.
History has always interested Minor, but his participation in re-enactments
resulted from a conversation five years ago with a Clinical Center patient
and artist from Clifton, Virginia. She shared Minor's love for antiques
and suggested he attend Clifton Days in Virginia. It was there that he witnessed
his first Civil War battle encampment. The rest, of course, is history.
Minor says it gets so hot standing in ranks-waiting for the artillery barrage
and the cavalry charges to end before his part, the infantry assault, begins-that
he usually loses about six pounds during each re-enactment.
"I got the worst sunburn in my life one day as I lay dead on the New Market [Virginia] battlefield," he says. "I fell face up and had to lay there for almost an hour in full sun."
After that experience, Minor learned how to survive the fall-drink large volumes of water, wear hats with wider brims, and lie face down to avoid the sun.
"Another time I just fell out. I was sick with heat prostration. So I crawled under a captured cannon to get in the shade. A woman in period costume came up to me with a basket of ice and handed me a few pieces to rub on my head to cool off."
Soon, Minor, who holds a Ph.D. from the University of Southern California, will leave the Clinical Center for a new job. He returns home to North Carolina where he will join Glaxo Wellcome Company and Charlie Gibson will join the 26th N.C. Regiment.
"Fellow citizens, we cannot escape history."
Abraham Lincoln said it. Jim Minor lives it.
(-by Laura Bradbard)
The award is given annually to the first author of the outstanding research paper published by the Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.
His paper described the complex metabolism of phenylbutyrate, an investigational anti-cancer drug, and how the body absorbs, distributes, and eliminates the drug.
Dr. Piscitelli's research team used computer modeling to follow the path of the drug and its two metabolites in patients receiving treatment for advanced solid tumors.
Co-authors of the paper were Dr. Alain Thibault; Dr. William Figg; registered
nurses Anne Tompkins and Donna Headlee; Dr. Dvorit Samid; and Dr. Charles
Myers, NCI; and Dr. Ronald Lieberman, FDA.
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Last modified 8/19/96
